だ・です/だった・でした – Saying ‘to be’ in Japanese [JLPT N5]
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Quick Summary
Meaning: The Japanese copula — the basic “to be.” It links a topic to a noun or a na-adjective to state identity, category, or description.
How to Use: Put だ (casual) or です (polite) after a noun or na-adjective; past forms are だった and でした.
Example:
- うちの猫は社長です。
- Uchi no neko wa shachou desu.
- My cat is the company president.
Overview
The copula in Japanese is the small but powerful word that works like English “to be.” In simple sentences, it connects a topic to what it is. With nouns and na-adjectives, Japanese uses だ (casual) or です (polite). Use です in most conversations to sound friendly and respectful; だ feels plain or blunt and is common with family and close friends, in notes to yourself, or in some written styles.
Key points for beginners:
- だ/です attach to nouns and na-adjectives to make a statement or definition.
- い-adjectives do not take だ. To be polite, you can add です after an い-adjective (for example, “big” → “big + です”).
- Non-past (no time marker) covers both “is” and general truths. Past is “was.”
Structure / Formation
Base Patterns
- N + だ (casual)
- N + です (polite)
- N1 は N2 + だ/です
- na-adj + だ/です
- N / na-adj + だった/でした (past)
- i-adj + です (polite non-past)
- i-adj-かった + です (polite past)
Nouns and na-adjectives: Non-past and Past
| Type | Casual (non-past) | Polite (non-past) | Casual (past) | Polite (past) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N / na-adj | 〜だ | 〜です | 〜だった | 〜でした |
Use these to state what something is, or how it is (with na-adjectives). In polite speech, prefer です/でした.
Example:
- このサンドイッチは変だ。
- Kono sandoicchi wa hen da.
- This sandwich is strange.
Example:
- 昨日はマラソンでした。
- Kinou wa marason deshita.
- Yesterday was a marathon.
い-adjectives with です
い-adjectives already work as predicates by themselves, so you do not add だ. To be polite, add です. For the polite past, change the adjective to i-adj-かった and add です.
| Form | Pattern |
|---|---|
| Polite non-past | i-adj + です |
| Polite past | i-adj-かった + です |
Example:
- このロボットは優しいです。
- Kono robotto wa yasashii desu.
- This robot is kind.
With Topics: N1 は N2 だ/です
This is the most common pattern for simple “A is B” sentences. Put the topic first, mark it with は, then add what it is.
Pattern:
N1 は N2 + だ/です
Usage Tips
- だ sounds casual or blunt. Use です with teachers, strangers, and in most public situations.
- Do not attach だ to i-adjectives. Use the adjective as is, or add です for politeness.
Example Sentences
- 私のおじいちゃんはアイドルです。
- Watashi no ojiichan wa aidoru desu.
- My grandpa is an idol.
- このロボットは友だちだ。
- Kono robotto wa tomodachi da.
- This robot is my friend.
- 昨日のカエルは有名でした。
- Kinou no kaeru wa yuumei deshita.
- The frog from yesterday was famous.
- 昨日のロボットは親切だった。
- Kinou no robotto wa shinsetsu datta.
- Yesterday’s robot was kind.
- うちの金魚は強いです。
- Uchi no kingyo wa tsuyoi desu.
- Our goldfish is strong.
Quick Practice
(Answers and explanations are right under this section.)
Multiple-Choice
-
Choose the correct polite sentence.
- A. うちのカメは店長です。 (Uchi no kame wa tenchou desu.)
- B. うちのカメは店長だです。 (Uchi no kame wa tenchou da desu.)
- C. うちのカメは店長とです。 (Uchi no kame wa tenchou to desu.)
- D. うちのカメは店長など。 (Uchi no kame wa tenchou nado.)
-
Choose the correct casual past sentence.
- A. きのうはピザまつりだった。 (Kinou wa piza matsuri datta.)
- B. きのうはピザまつりです。 (Kinou wa piza matsuri desu.)
- C. きのうはピザまつりでした。 (Kinou wa piza matsuri deshita.)
- D. きのうはピザまつりでも。 (Kinou wa piza matsuri demo.)
-
Which sentence is polite and correct with an i-adjective?
- A. このバナナは速いだ。 (Kono banana wa hayai da.)
- B. このバナナは速いでした。 (Kono banana wa hayai deshita.)
- C. このバナナは速いです。 (Kono banana wa hayai desu.)
- D. このバナナは速いとです。 (Kono banana wa hayai to desu.)
-
Choose the best sentence using the topic with time.
- A. 三時は晩ごはんの時間です。 (Sanji wa bangohan no jikan desu.)
- B. 三時で晩ごはんの時間です。 (Sanji de bangohan no jikan desu.)
- C. 三時は晩ごはんの時間と。 (Sanji wa bangohan no jikan to.)
- D. 三時は晩ごはんの時間でもです。 (Sanji wa bangohan no jikan demo desu.)
-
Choose the correct polite past sentence with a na-adjective.
- A. ロボットはハンサムでした。 (Robotto wa hansamu deshita.)
- B. ロボットはハンサムだったです。 (Robotto wa hansamu datta desu.)
- C. ロボットはハンサムだ。 (Robotto wa hansamu da.)
- D. ロボットはハンサムです。 (Robotto wa hansamu desu.)
Spot-the-Error
-
One sentence has a copula mistake. Which one?
- A. このカレーは熱いだ。 (Kono karee wa atsui da.)
- B. 祖母はロックスターです。 (Sobo wa rokkusutaa desu.)
- C. 今日の空はきれいです。 (Kyou no sora wa kirei desu.)
-
One sentence has a past-form mistake. Which one?
- A. きのうは雨でした。 (Kinou wa ame deshita.)
- B. このノートは大事です。 (Kono nooto wa daiji desu.)
- C. きのうのパーティーは楽しいでした。 (Kinou no paatii wa tanoshii deshita.)
Translation
- Translate into Japanese: My goldfish is the leader.
- Translate into Japanese: Yesterday was robot day.
- Translate into Japanese: This sandwich is mysterious.
Answers and Explanations
- A — うちのカメは店長です。 (Uchi no kame wa tenchou desu.) Use です after a noun for a polite statement.
- A — きのうはピザまつりだった。 (Kinou wa piza matsuri datta.) だった is the correct casual past for nouns and na-adjectives.
- C — このバナナは速いです。 (Kono banana wa hayai desu.) い-adjectives do not take だ; add です for politeness.
- A — 三時は晩ごはんの時間です。 (Sanji wa bangohan no jikan desu.) The pattern is “Time は N です” to say what it is at that time.
- A — ロボットはハンサムでした。 (Robotto wa hansamu deshita.) でした is the polite past for nouns/na-adjectives.
- A — このカレーは熱いだ。 (Kono karee wa atsui da.) Error: い-adjectives cannot take だ; say 熱いです or just 熱い.
- C — きのうのパーティーは楽しいでした。 (Kinou no paatii wa tanoshii deshita.) Error: the polite past of an い-adjective is 楽しかったです, not 楽しいでした.
- うちの金魚はリーダーです。 (Uchi no kingyo wa riidaa desu.) Use です after the noun リーダー for a polite statement.
- きのうはロボットの日でした。 (Kinou wa robotto no hi deshita.) Time/topic + は + noun + でした expresses a polite past statement.
- このサンドイッチは変だ。 (Kono sandoicchi wa hen da.) だ is the casual copula with the na-adjective 変.
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