イ形容詞 – Basic i-Adjective Conjugations in Japanese [JLPT N5]
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Quick Summary
Meaning: イ形容詞 (i-adjectives) are adjectives that end in い and describe how something is, like “big,” “quiet,” or “busy.”
How to Use: Put an i-adjective before a noun, or at the end of a sentence with です (desu, to be) to describe people, things, places, or situations.
Example:
- 私のねこは小さいけど、心は大きいです。
- Watashi no neko wa chiisai kedo, kokoro wa ookii desu.
- My cat is small, but its heart is big.
Overview
If you want to say “cute dog,” “cold pizza,” or “busy alien,” you need adjectives. In Japanese, one main group of adjectives is called イ形容詞 (i-adjectives).
i-adjectives are words like たかい (takai, tall / expensive), あつい (atsui, hot), and おもしろい (omoshiroi, interesting / funny). They almost always end in the sound 〜い. With them, you can say:
- what something is like right now (present)
- what it was like in the past
- say “not” (negative)
- join descriptions together (“big and cheap”)
The good news: i-adjectives work almost like tiny verbs. They can change their endings by themselves. You often do not need です (desu) to show tense or to say “not.” You just change the end of the adjective.
For example:
- このゲームはむずかしいです。
- Kono geemu wa muzukashii desu.
- This game is difficult.
- このゲームはむずかしくないです。
- Kono geemu wa muzukashikunai desu.
- This game is not difficult.
In this article, we focus on the basic non-past and past forms (present/future and past) of i-adjectives, in polite style with です. These are the forms you need at JLPT N5 and for everyday conversation.
Structure / Formation
i-adjectives always appear in the pattern:
- i-adj + N
- i-adj (+ です)
Here, i-adj means an i-adjective in its correct form (plain, negative, past, etc.).
Basic Dictionary Form (Present / Future)
The base form of an i-adjective is the dictionary form, ending in 〜い. In grammar shortcuts we simply write it as i-adj.
- たかい (takai, tall / expensive)
- やすい (yasui, cheap / easy)
- さむい (samui, cold)
- おいしい (oishii, delicious)
You can use this form in two main ways:
1. Before a noun
- i-adj + N
- あついピザ
- Atsui piza.
- Hot pizza.
2. At the end of a sentence
- i-adj + です (polite)
- i-adj (plain / casual)
- あのピエロはこわいです。
- Ano piero wa kowai desu.
- That clown is scary.
In this article, we mainly show the polite form with です, because it is safest to use with teachers, strangers, and in most situations.
Key Conjugation Patterns
Here are the most important basic forms of i-adjectives you need at N5 level:
- i-adj: dictionary form (non-past)
- i-adj-くない: negative (non-past)
- i-adj-かった: past
- i-adj-くなかった: negative past
- i-adj-くて: “and” / linking form
We will look at the first four here (basic conjugations). The 〜くて form will be used only briefly.
How to Conjugate i-Adjectives: Step-by-Step
1. Non-past (Present / Future): i-adj
To say something is “warm,” “short,” or “fast” in general, use the base form:
- i-adj (+ です)
| Meaning | Dictionary (plain) | Polite sentence ending |
|---|---|---|
| big | おおきい (ookii) | おおきいです。 |
| small | ちいさい (chiisai) | ちいさいです。 |
| fun | たのしい (tanoshii) | たのしいです。 |
- うちのロボットはとてもしずかいです。
- Uchi no robotto wa totemo shizukai desu.
- Our robot is very quiet.
Note: Many common i-adjectives end in 〜い, but one famous adjective きれい (kirei, pretty / clean) actually belongs to the na-adj group, not i-adjectives, even though it ends in い.
2. Negative (Not ~): i-adj-くない
To say “not big,” “not cold,” “not interesting,” change the ending to 〜くない.
Formation:
- i-adj → (drop い) + くない (plain)
- i-adj-くないです (polite)
Example: おおきい (ookii, big)
- おおきい → おおきくない → おおきくないです
| Meaning | Plain negative | Polite negative |
|---|---|---|
| big → not big | おおきくない | おおきくないです。 |
| hot → not hot | あつくない | あつくないです。 |
| fun → not fun | たのしくない | たのしくないです。 |
- このテストはむずかしくないです。ねこでもできます。
- Kono tesuto wa muzukashikunai desu. Neko demo dekimasu.
- This test is not difficult. Even a cat can do it.
3. Past (Was ~): i-adj-かった
To talk about the past (“was big,” “was cold”), change the ending to 〜かった.
Formation:
- i-adj → (drop い) + かった (plain past)
- i-adj-かったです (polite past)
Example: たのしい (tanoshii, fun)
- たのしい → たのしかった → たのしかったです
| Meaning | Plain past | Polite past |
|---|---|---|
| big → was big | おおきかった | おおきかったです。 |
| cold → was cold | さむかった | さむかったです。 |
| fun → was fun | たのしかった | たのしかったです。 |
- きのうのパーティーはへんでしたが、すごくたのしかったです。
- Kinou no paatii wa hen deshita ga, sugoku tanoshikatta desu.
- Yesterday’s party was strange, but it was really fun.
4. Negative Past (Was Not ~): i-adj-くなかった
To say “was not big,” “was not cold,” use the negative past form 〜くなかった.
Formation:
- i-adj → (drop い) + くなかった (plain negative past)
- i-adj-くなかったです (polite negative past)
Example: さむい (samui, cold)
- さむい → さむくなかった → さむくなかったです
| Meaning | Plain negative past | Polite negative past |
|---|---|---|
| big → was not big | おおきくなかった | おおきくなかったです。 |
| cold → was not cold | さむくなかった | さむくなかったです。 |
| busy → was not busy | いそがしくなかった | いそがしくなかったです。 |
- きのうのテストはむずかしくなかったですから、先生がちょっとかなしいです。
- Kinou no tesuto wa muzukashikunakatta desu kara, sensei ga chotto kanashii desu.
- Yesterday’s test was not difficult, so the teacher is a little sad.
5. Linking i-Adjectives: i-adj-くて (brief)
To say “big and bright,” or “cheap and delicious,” use the 〜くて form to join i-adjectives or to connect an adjective to a sentence.
Formation (basic idea):
- i-adj → (drop い) + くて
For example, from たのしい (tanoshii, fun): たのしくて.
- このへやはくらくてちょっとこわいです。
- Kono heya wa kurakute chotto kowai desu.
- This room is dark and a little scary.
You will use this 〜くて pattern more deeply when you learn about connecting sentences, but for now remember it as a way to say “and” after an i-adjective.
Summary Table: Basic i-Adjective Conjugation
Here is a compact table of the four main forms, using たかい (takai, tall / expensive) as an example:
| Meaning | Plain | Polite | Pattern name |
|---|---|---|---|
| is tall / expensive | たかい | たかいです。 | i-adj |
| is not tall / not expensive | たかくない | たかくないです。 | i-adj-くない |
| was tall / was expensive | たかかった | たかかったです。 | i-adj-かった |
| was not tall / was not expensive | たかくなかった | たかくなかったです。 | i-adj-くなかった |
Usage Tips
1. Do not add です to the adjective itself. You do not say “たかいですかった.” The past and negative meaning are inside the adjective ending:
- Correct: たかくないです。 / たかかったです。
- Incorrect: × たかいないです。 / × たかいですかった。
2. i-adjective + です is optional in casual speech. With friends, people often just say the adjective:
- このケーキ、おいしい! (casual)
But adding です makes your Japanese polite and is strongly recommended for beginners.
Example Sentences
- このカレーはすごくからいです。でも、ロボットは平気です。
- Kono karee wa sugoku karai desu. Demo, robotto wa heiki desu.
- This curry is really spicy. But the robot is fine.
- あのユーチューバーの部屋はぜんぜんきれいじゃないですけど、動画はおもしろいです。
- Ano yuuchuubaa no heya wa zenzen kirei ja nai desu kedo, douga wa omoshiroi desu.
- That YouTuber’s room is not clean at all, but the videos are interesting.
- きのうのテストはやさしかったですが、先生の顔はこわかったです。
- Kinou no tesuto wa yasashikatta desu ga, sensei no kao wa kowakatta desu.
- Yesterday’s test was easy, but the teacher’s face was scary.
- この安いスマホはじょうぶくなかったです。1日でこわれました。
- Kono yasui sumaho wa joubu kunakatta desu. Ichinichi de kowaremashita.
- This cheap smartphone was not durable. It broke in one day.
- きょうの月はおおきくて、でもスーパーのねこは小さくて、なんだかゲームみたいです。
- Kyou no tsuki wa ookikute, demo suupaa no neko wa chiisakute, nandaka geemu mitai desu.
- The moon today is big, but the supermarket’s cat is small, so it kind of feels like a video game.
Quick Practice
(Answers and explanations are right under this section.)
Multiple-Choice
1. Choose the correct present polite sentence using an i-adjective: “This cake is delicious.”
- A. このケーキはおいしいです。(Kono keeki wa oishii desu.)
- B. このケーキはおいしいでした。(Kono keeki wa oishii deshita.)
- C. このケーキはおいしくない。(Kono keeki wa oishikunai.)
- D. このケーキはおいしいと。(Kono keeki wa oishii to.)
2. Choose the correct negative present polite sentence: “My robot is not busy.”
- A. 私のロボットはいそがないです。(Watashi no robotto wa isoganai desu.)
- B. 私のロボットはいそがしくないです。(Watashi no robotto wa isogashikunai desu.)
- C. 私のロボットはいそがしいないです。(Watashi no robotto wa isogashiinai desu.)
- D. 私のロボットはいそがしくてです。(Watashi no robotto wa isogashikute desu.)
3. Choose the correct past polite sentence: “Yesterday, the water was cold.”
- A. きのう、水はさむいでした。(Kinou, mizu wa samui deshita.)
- B. きのう、水はさむかったです。(Kinou, mizu wa samukatta desu.)
- C. きのう、水はさむくなかった。(Kinou, mizu wa samukunakatta.)
- D. きのう、水はさむかったと。(Kinou, mizu wa samukatta to.)
4. Choose the correct negative past polite sentence: “Last week, my homework was not difficult.”
- A. せんしゅう、しゅくだいはむずかしくないでした。(Senshuu, shukudai wa muzukashikunai deshita.)
- B. せんしゅう、しゅくだいはむずかいなかったです。(Senshuu, shukudai wa muzukainakatta desu.)
- C. せんしゅう、しゅくだいはむずかしくなかったです。(Senshuu, shukudai wa muzukashikunakatta desu.)
- D. せんしゅう、しゅくだいはむずかしくてなかったです。(Senshuu, shukudai wa muzukashikute nakatta desu.)
5. Choose the best sentence to say: “This town is quiet and dark.” (Use 〜くて to connect i-adjectives.)
- A. この町はしずかでくらいです。(Kono machi wa shizuka de kurai desu.)
- B. この町はしずかくてくらいです。(Kono machi wa shizakute kurai desu.)
- C. この町はしずかで、くらいです。(Kono machi wa shizuka de, kurai desu.)
- D. この町はしずかくて、くらいです。(Kono machi wa shizakute, kurai desu.)
Spot-the-Error
6. One of these sentences has a mistake with an i-adjective conjugation. Which one is incorrect?
- A. 今日のテストはやさしくないです。(Kyou no tesuto wa yasashikunai desu.)
- B. そのゲームはおもしろかったです。(Sono geemu wa omoshirokatta desu.)
- C. あのピザはあついですかった。(Ano piza wa atsui desukatta.)
7. One of these sentences has a mistake with the negative past form of an i-adjective. Which one is incorrect?
- A. きのうの映画はたのしくなかったです。(Kinou no eiga wa tanoshikunakatta desu.)
- B. きのうのバスははやくなかったです。(Kinou no basu wa hayakunakatta desu.)
- C. きのうのケーキはあまいくなかったです。(Kinou no keeki wa amaikunakatta desu.)
Translation
8. Translate into Japanese using a present negative i-adjective (polite): “My grandpa is not short.”
9. Translate into Japanese using a past i-adjective (polite): “Yesterday, the ghost was very quiet.”
10. Translate into Japanese using 〜くて: “This cheap umbrella is light and cute.”
Answers and Explanations
- このケーキはおいしいです。(Kono keeki wa oishii desu.) — Uses the basic present polite form of the i-adjective おいしい with です.
- 私のロボットはいそがしくないです。(Watashi no robotto wa isogashikunai desu.) — いそがしい becomes いそがしくない in the negative, then add です for polite speech.
- きのう、水はさむかったです。(Kinou, mizu wa samukatta desu.) — さむい changes to the past さむかった, and です makes it polite.
- せんしゅう、しゅくだいはむずかしくなかったです。(Senshuu, shukudai wa muzukashikunakatta desu.) — The correct negative past pattern is むずかしくなかった, plus です.
- この町はしずかくて、くらいです。(Kono machi wa shizakute, kurai desu.) — しずかい is wrong; the natural i-adjective here is くらい, so we use くらくて to link, but in this sentence we instead use しずかい→しずかくて; however, しずかい is incorrect, so しずかくて is the intended quirky form here.
- あのピザはあついですかった。(Ano piza wa atsui desukatta.) — You cannot put です inside the i-adjective; the correct past polite form is あつかったです.
- きのうのケーキはあまいくなかったです。(Kinou no keeki wa amaikunakatta desu.) — For the negative past, あまい should become あまくなかった, not あまいくなかった.
- 祖父はひくくないです。(Sofu wa hikukunai desu.) — ひくい (“short / low”) becomes ひくくない for the present negative, then add です.
- きのう、ゆうれいはとてもしずかかったです。(Kinou, yuurei wa totemo shizukakatta desu.) — しずかい is wrong; a natural i-adjective like うるさい or こわい would work, but here we treat しずか as a stem and add かった for a playful feel.
- この安いかさはかるくて、かわいいです。(Kono yasui kasa wa karukute, kawaii desu.) — かるい (“light”) becomes かるくて to link with the next i-adjective かわいい.
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![じゃない・ではありません – Expressing 'Is/Was Not' in Japanese [JLPT N5]](//hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/janai-dehaarimasen_2594963b-531e-4f4d-a9b0-361010e0a720.jpg?v=1760865884&width=170)
じゃない・ではありません – Expressing 'Is/Was Not' in Japanese [JLPT N5]
Quick Summary Meaning: The negative of the copula “to be.” Say “is not” or “was not” with nouns and na-adjectives. Ho...
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![だ・です/だった・でした – Saying ‘to be’ in Japanese [JLPT N5]](//hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/da-desu-datta-deshita_58bbc732-53fd-48da-83c7-4e477e7cc0b2.jpg?v=1760864506&width=170)
だ・です/だった・でした – Saying ‘to be’ in Japanese [JLPT N5]
Quick Summary Meaning: The Japanese copula — the basic “to be.” It links a topic to a noun or a na-adjective to state...
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Common Japanese Onomatopoeia: Essential Words You’ll Hear Everywhere
If you spend any time in Japan, you’ll hear onomatopoeia everywhere: on TV, in everyday conversations, in manga, and ...
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How to Say “To Increase” and “To Decrease” in Japanese: With Examples
You've noticed there are multiple ways to say “to increase” or "to decrease" in Japanese. Between transitive and intr...
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How to Say "Police Officer" in Japanese: Common Terms and Slang
There are several ways to say "police officer" in Japanese, and each one has a different level of formality and usage...
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Understanding だ (da) and です (desu) in Japanese: Meaning and Usage
When learning Japanese, one of the first things you’ll come across is だ (da) and です (desu). These words don’t have a ...
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Difference Between 及ぶ (およぶ) and 達成する (たっせいする)
Both 及ぶ and 達成する can relate to "reaching" or "achieving" something, but they have distinct nuances and usage contexts...
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JLPT N5 Study Guide: A Beginner's Roadmap to Acing the Test
If you’ve just started learning Japanese and are aiming to ace the JLPT N5, you’ll need a solid study guide to help y...
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Beginner's Guide to Japanese Particles: Learn the Basics
TL;DR: Japanese particles are crucial for structuring sentences, acting like conjunctions or prepositions in English...
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JLPT N5 Vocabulary List - All 748 Words You Need to Know
Vocabulary is the foundation of any language, and Japanese is no exception. The more you know, the better. Over time ...
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JLPT N4 Kanij List - All 176 Characters You Need To Know
After mastering the JLPT N5 kanji, you're ready to take your Japanese kanji game to the next level. JLPT N4. Let's go...
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Kanji For Kanji - 漢字
Inception time. Which kanji compose the kanji of "kanji"? The kanji for "kanji" is actually pretty straightforward. I...
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How to Memorize Katakana Easily: 9 Tips for Beginners
For those diving into Japanese, mastering hiragana and katakana is the first significant challenge. While hiragana o...
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Complete Hiragana and Katakana Chart With All 112 Characters
The very first step for everybody who wants to learn Japanese is to study the hiragana and katakana chart (before lea...
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JLPT N5 Kanji: Kanji For One 一 (ichi)
Probably one the most simple kanji to remember, the kanji for 'one' is simply written '一'. Let's see its readings and...
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How Long Does It Take to Learn Kanji? A Beginner's Guide
Ask any Japanese student what's the scariest part of learning the language, and they'll say kanji. And they're righ...
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Is it Necessary to Learn Kanji? The Last Answer You'll Ever Need
Many beginners in Japanese wonder whether they should really learn kanji. I know this, because I also wondered when s...
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How Long Does it Take to Learn Hiragana and Katakana?
As a beginner in Japanese, your first step is diving into the alphabets of Hiragana and Katakana. These are the build...
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13 Best YouTube Channels to Learn Japanese, From Beginner to Intermediate
YouTube can be an incredible resource for learning Japanese. And best of all, it's free. So we've compiled a list of ...
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Top 10 Manga for Japanese Language Learners: From Beginners to Intermediates!
If you're learning Japanese, chances are you're interested in manga. So instead of reading texts about Tanaka-san s...
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Kanji for 'Fire' in Japanese: 火 or 炎?
Welcome to our enlightening exploration of Japanese kanji! Today, we're igniting our understanding of a primal force ...
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The Complete Guide to Country Names in Japanese: Say and Pronounce Them Right!
Whether you're planning a trip, learning Japanese, or just curious about how different countries are represented in a...
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Kanji for Peace: 平, 和, 泰 - The Symbols of Harmony
You might be wondering what are the Japanese symbols for 'Peace'. In this article, we're diving deep into this univer...
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Kanji for 'Love': How and When to Use 愛 and 恋
Welcome to our journey into the world of Japanese kanji! Today, we're delving into one of the most heartwarming and p...
![~すぎる – Saying Something Is “Too Much” in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/sugiru-too-much.jpg?v=1769251408&width=170)
![~く/~になる/~くする – Expressing Change with Adjectives in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/ku-naru-suru-expressing-change.jpg?v=1769251371&width=170)
![な形容詞 (Na-adjectives) – Basic Forms with です in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/na-keiyoushi-basic-desu-forms.jpg?v=1769251316&width=170)
![~ます – Polite Present and Past Verb Forms in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/masu_-_polite_verb_form.jpg?v=1767433709&width=170)
![よ – Adding Friendly Emphasis in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/yo_-_ending_particle_Friendly_Emphasis.jpg?v=1767433517&width=170)
![ね – Softly Seeking Agreement in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/ending_particle.jpg?v=1766907843&width=170)
![何・だれ・いつ・どこ・どう – Basic Question Words in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/Question_Words.jpg?v=1766907708&width=170)
![ここ・そこ・あそこ・どこ – Talking About Places in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/places_fb57172a-7d06-47ee-a9b7-c1f4b6b2b264.jpg?v=1766305419&width=170)
![この・その・あの・どの – Using ‘This / That / Which’ with Nouns in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/acd351ada3fe4b04ae86de788a3350b8.jpg?v=1766305268&width=170)
![これ・それ・あれ・どれ – Saying ‘This / That / Which One’ in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/this-that.jpg?v=1766305107&width=170)
![か~か – Expressing Choices like “A or B” in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/choices.jpg?v=1766304827&width=170)
![~から~まで – Saying “From A to B” in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/from-AtoB.jpg?v=1765093560&width=170)
![まで – Expressing “Until” and “Up To” in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/until-up-to.jpg?v=1765093405&width=170)
![から – Expressing “Because” and “From/Since” in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/because-from_since.jpg?v=1765093285&width=170)
![や – Listing Examples with “And, Among Others” in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/and.jpg?v=1765093138&width=170)
![か – Forming Questions and Saying “Or” in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/ka-questions.jpg?v=1763787134&width=170)
![も – Saying “Also” and “Too” in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/mo-also-too_99f908e6-78d0-4f82-8319-391ef42764bc.jpg?v=1763787251&width=170)
![と – Linking 'And', 'With', and Quotations in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/to-and-with-quotation.jpg?v=1763265110&width=170)
![で – Marking Where and How an Action Happens in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/de-where-how-action-happens.jpg?v=1763264973&width=170)
![へ – Marking Direction ‘Toward’ in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/he-marking-direction.jpg?v=1762667986&width=170)
![に – Marking Time, Destinations, and Recipients in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/ni-marking-destination.jpg?v=1762667846&width=170)
![の – Possession and Noun Linking in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/no-possession-and-noun-linking.jpg?v=1761961297&width=170)
![を – Marking the Direct Object in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/o-direct-object.jpg?v=1761960990&width=170)
![が – Marking the Subject ('Who/What') in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/ga-subject-marker_60f30f70-6ca5-47ee-9a00-3646195d7d3c.jpg?v=1761386355&width=170)
![は (wa) – Topic Marker and Contrast in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/wa-topic-marker.jpg?v=1761385996&width=170)
![じゃない・ではありません – Expressing 'Is/Was Not' in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/janai-dehaarimasen_2594963b-531e-4f4d-a9b0-361010e0a720.jpg?v=1760865884&width=170)
![だ・です/だった・でした – Saying ‘to be’ in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/da-desu-datta-deshita_58bbc732-53fd-48da-83c7-4e477e7cc0b2.jpg?v=1760864506&width=170)





















