じゃない・ではありません – Expressing 'Is/Was Not' in Japanese [JLPT N5]
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Quick Summary
Meaning: The negative of the copula “to be.” Say “is not” or “was not” with nouns and na-adjectives.
How to Use: Put it after a noun or a na-adjective.
Example:
- この犬は社長じゃない。
- Kono inu wa shachou janai.
- This dog is not a company president.
Overview
Use this grammar to say something is not or was not. It is the negative form of the copula だ (da, be) / です (desu, be). There are two styles:
- じゃない: casual present negative (“is not”)
- ではありません: polite present negative (“is not”)
- じゃなかった: casual past negative (“was not”)
- ではありませんでした: polite past negative (“was not”)
Attach these directly to a noun like 学生 (gakusei, student) or to a na-adjective like 静か (shizuka, quiet). They do not attach to i-adjectives (like たかい (takai, tall/expensive)).
In speech, では (de wa) often contracts to じゃ (ja). The polite form ではありません sounds more formal and is safe for class, tests, and talking to strangers. The casual じゃない is for friends and family.
Structure / Formation
Base Patterns
- N + じゃない
- N + ではありません
- N + じゃなかった
- N + ではありませんでした
- na-adj + じゃない
- na-adj + ではありません
- na-adj + じゃなかった
- na-adj + ではありませんでした
- N1 + は + N2 + じゃない / ではありません
Four Core Forms at a Glance
| Politeness | Present | Past | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Casual | じゃない | じゃなかった | is not / was not |
| Polite | ではありません | ではありませんでした | is not / was not |
Present Negative (“is not”)
State that something is not true now. Use the topic marker は before it if you are talking about the topic.
- 祖父はアイドルではありません。
- Sofu wa aidoru de wa arimasen.
- My grandpa is not an idol.
Past Negative (“was not”)
Talk about something that was not true in the past.
- 昨日、私は宇宙人じゃなかった。
- Kinou, watashi wa uchuujin janakatta.
- Yesterday, I was not an alien.
With na-adjectives
Attach directly to a na-adjective like 静か (shizuka, quiet) or きれい (kirei, pretty/clean).
- ここは静かではありませんでした。
- Koko wa shizuka de wa arimasen deshita.
- It wasn’t quiet here.
What about i-adjectives?
i-adjectives do not use this pattern. They make negatives with i-adj-くない (present) and i-adj-くなかった (past). For example: たかい (takai, expensive) → たかくない (takakunai, not expensive), たかくなかった (takakunakatta, was not expensive).
Usage Tips
- では → じゃ is a common contraction in speech. Polite speech keeps ではありません; casual speech uses じゃない.
- じゃありません is also used in conversation as a slightly less formal polite negative.
- じゃないです is common in spoken polite Japanese (e.g., 学生じゃないです). For very formal contexts, prefer ではありません.
Example Sentences
- このバナナは電話じゃない。
- Kono banana wa denwa janai.
- This banana is not a phone.
- この冷蔵庫はタイムマシンではありません。
- Kono reizouko wa taimumashin de wa arimasen.
- This refrigerator is not a time machine.
- 昨日、月はチーズじゃなかった。
- Kinou, tsuki wa chiizu janakatta.
- Yesterday, the moon was not cheese.
- 私の金魚は有名ではありませんでした。
- Watashi no kingyo wa yuumei de wa arimasen deshita.
- My goldfish was not famous.
- このトマトは元気じゃない。
- Kono tomato wa genki janai.
- This tomato is not energetic.
Quick Practice
(Answers and explanations are right under this section.)
Multiple-Choice
-
Choose the sentence that correctly uses ではありません (polite present negative).
- A. このロボットは先生ではありません。 (Kono robotto wa sensei de wa arimasen.)
- B. このロボットは先生じゃなかった。 (Kono robotto wa sensei janakatta.)
- C. このロボットは先生やありません。 (Kono robotto wa sensei ya arimasen.)
- D. このロボットは先生とではありません。 (Kono robotto wa sensei to de wa arimasen.)
-
Choose the sentence that correctly uses じゃなかった (casual past negative).
- A. 昨日、私の金魚はドラゴンじゃなかった。 (Kinou, watashi no kingyo wa doragon janakatta.)
- B. 昨日、私の金魚はドラゴンではありません。 (Kinou, watashi no kingyo wa doragon de wa arimasen.)
- C. 昨日、私の金魚はドラゴンくなかった。 (Kinou, watashi no kingyo wa doragon kunakatta.)
- D. 昨日、私の金魚はドラゴンでもありません。 (Kinou, watashi no kingyo wa doragon demo arimasen.)
-
Pick the correct polite past negative sentence with a na-adjective (静か).
- A. 図書館は静かではありませんでした。 (Toshokan wa shizuka de wa arimasen deshita.)
- B. 図書館は静かじゃないでした。 (Toshokan wa shizuka janai deshita.)
- C. 図書館は静くないです。 (Toshokan wa shizuku nai desu.)
- D. 図書館は静かとではありませんでした。 (Toshokan wa shizuka to de wa arimasen deshita.)
-
Choose the correct casual present negative sentence.
- A. このピザは朝ごはんじゃない。 (Kono piza wa asagohan janai.)
- B. このピザが朝ごはんではありませんです。 (Kono piza ga asagohan de wa arimasen desu.)
- C. このピザや朝ごはんじゃない。 (Kono piza ya asagohan janai.)
- D. このピザは朝ごはんくない。 (Kono piza wa asagohan kunai.)
-
Pick the correct polite past negative sentence with 有名.
- A. 去年、私のカメは有名ではありませんでした。 (Kyonen, watashi no kame wa yuumei de wa arimasen deshita.)
- B. 去年、私のカメは有名じゃない。 (Kyonen, watashi no kame wa yuumei janai.)
- C. 去年、私のカメは有名ではなかったでした。 (Kyonen, watashi no kame wa yuumei de wa nakatta deshita.)
- D. 去年、私のカメは有名とではありませんでした。 (Kyonen, watashi no kame wa yuumei to de wa arimasen deshita.)
Spot-the-Error
-
One sentence has an error with the negative copula. Which one?
- A. 私の時計はチョコレートじゃない。 (Watashi no tokei wa chokoreeto janai.)
- B. この部屋はきれいではありません。 (Kono heya wa kirei de wa arimasen.)
- C. 彼は宇宙人だない。 (Kare wa uchuujin danai.)
-
Find the sentence with the mistake (focus on i- vs. na-adjectives).
- A. そのサメは学生ではありません。 (Sono same wa gakusei de wa arimasen.)
- B. 昨日、空はチーズじゃなかった。 (Kinou, sora wa chiizu janakatta.)
- C. このりんごは高いじゃない。 (Kono ringo wa takai janai.)
Translation
- Translate into Japanese using the target grammar: My dog is not a doctor.
- Translate into Japanese using the target grammar: Yesterday, my pizza was not breakfast.
- Translate into Japanese using the target grammar: Last night, the park was not quiet.
Answers and Explanations
- A. このロボットは先生ではありません。 (Kono robotto wa sensei de wa arimasen.) Uses ではありません for a polite present negative with a noun.
- A. 昨日、私の金魚はドラゴンじゃなかった。 (Kinou, watashi no kingyo wa doragon janakatta.) じゃなかった is the casual past negative of the copula.
- A. 図書館は静かではありませんでした。 (Toshokan wa shizuka de wa arimasen deshita.) Na-adjectives take ではありませんでした for polite past negative.
- A. このピザは朝ごはんじゃない。 (Kono piza wa asagohan janai.) Casual present negative with the topic marker は is the correct pattern.
- A. 去年、私のカメは有名ではありませんでした。 (Kyonen, watashi no kame wa yuumei de wa arimasen deshita.) Polite past negative for a na-adjective is ではありませんでした.
- C. 彼は宇宙人だない。 (Kare wa uchuujin danai.) だない is incorrect; it should be じゃない: 彼は宇宙人じゃない。 (Kare wa uchuujin janai.)
- C. このりんごは高いじゃない。 (Kono ringo wa takai janai.) I-adjectives use くない/くなかった, so it should be 高くない。 (Takaku nai.)
- 私の犬は医者じゃない。 (Watashi no inu wa isha janai.) Casual present negative with a noun.
- 昨日、私のピザは朝ごはんじゃなかった。 (Kinou, watashi no piza wa asagohan janakatta.) Casual past negative with a noun.
- ゆうべ、公園は静かではありませんでした。 (Yuube, kouen wa shizuka de wa arimasen deshita.) Polite past negative with a na-adjective.
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![~すぎる – Saying Something Is “Too Much” in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/sugiru-too-much.jpg?v=1769251408&width=170)
![~く/~になる/~くする – Expressing Change with Adjectives in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/ku-naru-suru-expressing-change.jpg?v=1769251371&width=170)
![な形容詞 (Na-adjectives) – Basic Forms with です in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/na-keiyoushi-basic-desu-forms.jpg?v=1769251316&width=170)
![イ形容詞 – Basic i-Adjective Conjugations in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/i-adjectives.jpg?v=1769251251&width=170)
![~ます – Polite Present and Past Verb Forms in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/masu_-_polite_verb_form.jpg?v=1767433709&width=170)
![よ – Adding Friendly Emphasis in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/yo_-_ending_particle_Friendly_Emphasis.jpg?v=1767433517&width=170)
![ね – Softly Seeking Agreement in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/ending_particle.jpg?v=1766907843&width=170)
![何・だれ・いつ・どこ・どう – Basic Question Words in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/Question_Words.jpg?v=1766907708&width=170)
![ここ・そこ・あそこ・どこ – Talking About Places in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/places_fb57172a-7d06-47ee-a9b7-c1f4b6b2b264.jpg?v=1766305419&width=170)
![この・その・あの・どの – Using ‘This / That / Which’ with Nouns in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/acd351ada3fe4b04ae86de788a3350b8.jpg?v=1766305268&width=170)
![これ・それ・あれ・どれ – Saying ‘This / That / Which One’ in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/this-that.jpg?v=1766305107&width=170)
![か~か – Expressing Choices like “A or B” in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/choices.jpg?v=1766304827&width=170)
![~から~まで – Saying “From A to B” in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/from-AtoB.jpg?v=1765093560&width=170)
![まで – Expressing “Until” and “Up To” in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/until-up-to.jpg?v=1765093405&width=170)
![から – Expressing “Because” and “From/Since” in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/because-from_since.jpg?v=1765093285&width=170)
![や – Listing Examples with “And, Among Others” in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/and.jpg?v=1765093138&width=170)
![か – Forming Questions and Saying “Or” in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/ka-questions.jpg?v=1763787134&width=170)
![も – Saying “Also” and “Too” in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/mo-also-too_99f908e6-78d0-4f82-8319-391ef42764bc.jpg?v=1763787251&width=170)
![と – Linking 'And', 'With', and Quotations in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/to-and-with-quotation.jpg?v=1763265110&width=170)
![で – Marking Where and How an Action Happens in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/de-where-how-action-happens.jpg?v=1763264973&width=170)
![へ – Marking Direction ‘Toward’ in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/he-marking-direction.jpg?v=1762667986&width=170)
![に – Marking Time, Destinations, and Recipients in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/ni-marking-destination.jpg?v=1762667846&width=170)
![の – Possession and Noun Linking in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/no-possession-and-noun-linking.jpg?v=1761961297&width=170)
![を – Marking the Direct Object in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/o-direct-object.jpg?v=1761960990&width=170)
![が – Marking the Subject ('Who/What') in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/ga-subject-marker_60f30f70-6ca5-47ee-9a00-3646195d7d3c.jpg?v=1761386355&width=170)
![は (wa) – Topic Marker and Contrast in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/wa-topic-marker.jpg?v=1761385996&width=170)
![だ・です/だった・でした – Saying ‘to be’ in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/da-desu-datta-deshita_58bbc732-53fd-48da-83c7-4e477e7cc0b2.jpg?v=1760864506&width=170)







