~ている – Expressing Actions in Progress and Continuing States in Japanese [JLPT N5]
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Quick Summary
- Meaning: ~ている (~te iru) shows an action that is happening now, or a state that continues now.
- How to Use: Put ~ている after a verb in its て-form (V-て) to say “be doing” or “is in a state.”
Example:
- ロボットがピザを作っている。
- Robotto ga piza o tsukutte iru.
- A robot is making pizza.
Overview
The grammar pattern ~ている (~te iru) is one of the most useful patterns in Japanese. It is used all the time in daily conversation, and you will hear it in almost every anime, drama, or YouTube video.
At the N5 level, you mainly need to understand two big ideas for ~ている:
- Ongoing action right now – like English “am/are/is doing.”
- Continuing state (result) – “is in a state of …,” usually after something happened.
When ~ている shows an ongoing action, it answers “What is happening now?” or “What are you doing now?”
- 先生は今ダンスしている。
- Sensei wa ima dansu shite iru.
- The teacher is dancing right now.
When ~ている shows a continuing state, it means “something happened, and its result is still true now.” In English, this is often just a simple present like “I live,” “I know,” “I’m married,” not “I’m living” or “I’m knowing.”
- 弟は東京に住んでいる。
- Otouto wa Toukyou ni sunde iru.
- My little brother lives in Tokyo.
So, ~ている does not always mean a “moving” action. Sometimes it just describes the current situation or condition. As you see more examples, your brain will get used to which verbs feel like “be doing” and which feel like “be in a state.”
Also, in casual conversation, Japanese people often drop the final い (i) and say just ~てる (~teru): for example, 食べてる (tabeteru) instead of 食べている (tabete iru). As a beginner, it’s good to learn and use the full form ~ている, but be ready to hear and understand both.
Structure / Formation
The core structure is simple:
- V-て + いる
You first make the V-て (て-form) of the verb. Then you add いる (iru, to exist for living things). Together, they work like “to be doing” in English.
Basic Pattern
- Person は Place で V-ている。
Meaning: “Person is doing V at Place.”
- 友だちは公園で走っている。
- Tomodachi wa kouen de hashitte iru.
- My friend is running in the park.
Another common pattern is with 時間 (じかん, time) words like 今 (ima, now) to make it extra clear that the action is happening right now:
- 今、V-ている。
- 今、宇宙人と話している。
- Ima, uchuujin to hanashite iru.
- Right now, I’m talking with an alien.
How to Make the て-form (V-て)
To use ~ている, you must know how to make the て-form (V-て). Here is a quick reminder for the three main verb groups at N5.
Group 1 (五段 verbs)
These are verbs where the dictionary form (V-る) ends in sounds like う, く, ぐ, す, つ, ぬ, む, ぶ, る (but not する / くる).
| V-る (dictionary) | V-て (て-form) | V-ている | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| 書く (kaku) | 書いて (kaite) | 書いている (kaite iru) | be writing |
| 飲む (nomu) | 飲んで (nonde) | 飲んでいる (nonde iru) | be drinking |
| 遊ぶ (asobu) | 遊んで (asonde) | 遊んでいる (asonde iru) | be playing |
| 待つ (matsu) | 待って (matte) | 待っている (matte iru) | be waiting |
Pattern reminder for Group 1:
- う / つ / る → って
- む / ぶ / ぬ → んで
- く → いて(行く is special: 行って)
- ぐ → いで
- す → して
Group 2 (一段 verbs)
These usually end in ~る with an i or e sound before る (for example, 食べる (taberu), 見る (miru)).
| V-る (dictionary) | V-て (て-form) | V-ている | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| 食べる (taberu) | 食べて (tabete) | 食べている (tabete iru) | be eating |
| 見る (miru) | 見て (mite) | 見ている (mite iru) | be watching / looking |
Pattern reminder for Group 2:
- V-る → V-て
Irregular Verbs
| V-る (dictionary) | V-て (て-form) | V-ている | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| する (suru) | して (shite) | している (shite iru) | be doing |
| 来る (kuru) | 来て (kite) | 来ている (kite iru) | be coming |
Using ~ている for Ongoing Actions
For actions happening right now, ~ている works just like the English present continuous (“am/are/is doing”). You often see it with words like 今 (ima, now) or まだ (mada, still).
- 私はまだ宿題をしている。
- Watashi wa mada shukudai o shite iru.
- I’m still doing my homework.
- 兄は台所でケーキを作っている。
- Ani wa daidokoro de keeki o tsukutte iru.
- My older brother is making a cake in the kitchen.
Notice how the tense is decided by the form of いる, not the V-て:
- V-ている – present, “is doing / is in a state.”
- V-ていない – negative, “is not doing / is not in a state.”
- V-ていました – polite past, “was doing / was in a state.”
| Form | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| V-ている | 読んでいる (yonde iru) | am/are/is reading |
| V-ていない | 読んでいない (yonde inai) | am/are/is not reading |
| V-ていました | 読んでいました (yonde imashita) | was reading |
Using ~ている for Continuing States
Some verbs with ~ている do not feel like “be doing” in English. Instead, they describe a state that continues after something has happened.
Important N5 verbs that often work like this:
- 住む (sumu, to live/reside) → 住んでいる (sunde iru, live in / be living in)
- 知る (shiru, to get to know / find out) → 知っている (shitte iru, know)
- 結婚する (kekkon suru, to get married) → 結婚している (kekkon shite iru, be married)
- 太る (futoru, to get fat) → 太っている (futotte iru, be fat / be chubby)
With these verbs, ~ている usually means “be in the state of …,” not “be doing … right now.”
- 私は日本の会社で働いている。
- Watashi wa Nihon no kaisha de hataraite iru.
- I work at a Japanese company. (I’m working there / I’m employed there.)
- おじいさんはユーチューバーをしている。
- Ojiisan wa Yuuchuubaa o shite iru.
- Grandpa works as a YouTuber.
In these examples, the action continues as a situation in life, not just at this exact second. English often uses simple present (“I work,” “Grandpa works”) instead of “I am working” in this meaning.
Casual vs. Polite: ~ている / ~てる
In real conversation, people often shorten ~ている to ~てる in casual speech. The meaning is the same.
| Polite / Full | Casual / Short | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 食べている (tabete iru) | 食べてる (tabeteru) | be eating |
| 読んでいる (yonde iru) | 読んでる (yonderu) | be reading |
For your own speaking and writing at N5, it’s safer to use the full form ~ている, especially in polite sentences with です (desu) / ます (masu). But you should get used to hearing the short form so you can understand friends, anime, and native speakers.
- 兄はゲームをしている。
- Ani wa geemu o shite iru.
- My older brother is playing a game.
- 兄はゲームしてる。
- Ani wa geemu shiteru.
- My older brother is playing a game.
Same situation, but the second one sounds more casual and conversational.
Example Sentences
- 今、先生は教室でゲームをしている。
- Ima, sensei wa kyoushitsu de geemu o shite iru.
- Right now, the teacher is playing a video game in the classroom.
- 私は月の上に住んでいる。
- Watashi wa tsuki no ue ni sunde iru.
- I live on the moon.
- ロボットは日本語を話している。
- Robotto wa Nihongo o hanashite iru.
- The robot is speaking Japanese.
- 祖母は今もバンドでギターを弾いている。
- Sobo wa ima mo bando de gitaa o hiite iru.
- My grandmother is still playing guitar in a band.
- 私はそのアイドルのことをずっと前から知っている。
- Watashi wa sono aidoru no koto o zutto mae kara shitte iru.
- I have known that idol since a long time ago.
Quick Practice
(Answers and explanations are right under this section.)
Multiple-Choice
1. Choose the best sentence: “Right now, the cat is sleeping on my smartphone.”
- A. 今、猫はスマホの上で寝ている。(Ima, neko wa sumaho no ue de nete iru.)
- B. 今、猫はスマホの上で寝る。(Ima, neko wa sumaho no ue de neru.)
- C. 今、猫はスマホの上で寝て。(Ima, neko wa sumaho no ue de nete.)
- D. 今、猫はスマホの上で寝てと。(Ima, neko wa sumaho no ue de nete to.)
2. Choose the sentence that correctly uses ~ている for an ongoing action.
- A. ロボットは毎日、日本語を勉強している。(Robotto wa mainichi, Nihongo o benkyou shite iru.)
- B. ロボットは毎日、日本語を勉強だ。(Robotto wa mainichi, Nihongo o benkyou da.)
- C. ロボットは毎日、日本語を勉強でも。(Robotto wa mainichi, Nihongo o benkyou demo.)
- D. ロボットは毎日、日本語を勉強だった。(Robotto wa mainichi, Nihongo o benkyou datta.)
3. Choose the correct negative sentence: “I am not watching TV now.”
- A. 今、テレビを見ない。(Ima, terebi o minai.)
- B. 今、テレビを見ていない。(Ima, terebi o mite inai.)
- C. 今、テレビを見ているない。(Ima, terebi o mite iru nai.)
- D. 今、テレビを見ませんている。(Ima, terebi o mimasen te iru.)
4. Choose the best sentence: “My grandfather lives in Hawaii.” (continuing state)
- A. 祖父はハワイに住んでいる。(Sofu wa Hawai ni sunde iru.)
- B. 祖父はハワイに住む。(Sofu wa Hawai ni sumu.)
- C. 祖父はハワイに住んで。(Sofu wa Hawai ni sunde.)
- D. 祖父はハワイに住んでと。(Sofu wa Hawai ni sunde to.)
5. Choose the correct past sentence: “Yesterday, I was playing games with my teacher.”
- A. 昨日、先生とゲームをしている。(Kinou, sensei to geemu o shite iru.)
- B. 昨日、先生とゲームをしていない。(Kinou, sensei to geemu o shite inai.)
- C. 昨日、先生とゲームをしていました。(Kinou, sensei to geemu o shite imashita.)
- D. 昨日、先生とゲームをするでした。(Kinou, sensei to geemu o suru deshita.)
Spot-the-Error
6. One sentence has a mistake with ~ている. Which one is wrong?
- A. 兄は駅で友だちを待っている。(Ani wa eki de tomodachi o matte iru.)
- B. 私はラーメンを食べているです。(Watashi wa raamen o tabete iru desu.)
- C. 母は今、車で会社に行っている。(Haha wa ima, kuruma de kaisha ni itte iru.)
7. One sentence has a mistake with the casual ~てる form. Which one is wrong?
- A. 妹はマンガを読んでる。(Imouto wa manga o yonderu.)
- B. 友だちは今、電話してる。(Tomodachi wa ima, denwa shiteru.)
- C. 父は毎日コーヒーを飲んでるです。(Chichi wa mainichi koohii o nonderu desu.)
Translation
8. Translate into Japanese using ~ている: “My little sister is dancing in the kitchen now.”
9. Translate into Japanese using ~ている: “I know that robot.” (use 知っている)
10. Translate into Japanese using ~ている: “The alien is studying Japanese at my house.”
Answers and Explanations
- 今、猫はスマホの上で寝ている。(Ima, neko wa sumaho no ue de nete iru.) – Uses V-ている to show an action happening right now.
- ロボットは毎日、日本語を勉強している。(Robotto wa mainichi, Nihongo o benkyou shite iru.) – Correct use of している after the て-form して.
- 今、テレビを見ていない。(Ima, terebi o mite inai.) – V-ていない is the correct negative form for “not doing.”
- 祖父はハワイに住んでいる。(Sofu wa Hawai ni sunde iru.) – 住んでいる shows a continuing state “lives in.”
- 昨日、先生とゲームをしていました。(Kinou, sensei to geemu o shite imashita.) – V-ていました is the polite past “was doing.”
- 私はラーメンを食べているです。(Watashi wa raamen o tabete iru desu.) – ているです is incorrect; use 食べています or 食べている without です.
- 父は毎日コーヒーを飲んでるです。(Chichi wa mainichi koohii o nonderu desu.) – Casual ~てる and polite です should not be mixed like this; use 飲んでいます or 飲んでる without です.
- 妹は今、台所でダンスしている。(Imouto wa ima, daidokoro de dansu shite iru.) – Uses している for the ongoing action “is dancing” and 今 to show “now.”
- 私はそのロボットを知っている。(Watashi wa sono robotto o shitte iru.) – 知っている expresses the state “know,” not a one-time action.
- 宇宙人は私の家で日本語を勉強している。(Uchuujin wa watashi no ie de Nihongo o benkyou shite iru.) – している shows the alien is currently in the action of studying.
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Quick Summary Meaning: The particle に marks a point in time (at/on), a destination you reach (to/into), or a target/r...
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![の – Possession and Noun Linking in Japanese [JLPT N5]](//hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/no-possession-and-noun-linking.jpg?v=1761961297&width=170)
の – Possession and Noun Linking in Japanese [JLPT N5]
Quick Summary Meaning: Links two nouns to show possession, belonging, or description. Often reads as “’s” or “of....
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![を – Marking the Direct Object in Japanese [JLPT N5]](//hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/o-direct-object.jpg?v=1761960990&width=170)
を – Marking the Direct Object in Japanese [JLPT N5]
Quick Summary Meaning: を marks the direct object — the thing that receives the action of a verb. It’s pronounced ...
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![が – Marking the Subject ('Who/What') in Japanese [JLPT N5]](//hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/ga-subject-marker_60f30f70-6ca5-47ee-9a00-3646195d7d3c.jpg?v=1761386355&width=170)
が – Marking the Subject ('Who/What') in Japanese [JLPT N5]
Quick Summary Meaning: The particle が marks the subject of a sentence and highlights new or focused information (an...
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![は (wa) – Topic Marker and Contrast in Japanese [JLPT N5]](//hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/wa-topic-marker.jpg?v=1761385996&width=170)
は (wa) – Topic Marker and Contrast in Japanese [JLPT N5]
Quick Summary Meaning: Marks the topic of the sentence — what you’re talking about. Often feels like “as for...” in E...
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![じゃない・ではありません – Expressing 'Is/Was Not' in Japanese [JLPT N5]](//hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/janai-dehaarimasen_2594963b-531e-4f4d-a9b0-361010e0a720.jpg?v=1760865884&width=170)
じゃない・ではありません – Expressing 'Is/Was Not' in Japanese [JLPT N5]
Quick Summary Meaning: The negative of the copula “to be.” Say “is not” or “was not” with nouns and na-adjectives. Ho...
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![だ・です/だった・でした – Saying ‘to be’ in Japanese [JLPT N5]](//hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/da-desu-datta-deshita_58bbc732-53fd-48da-83c7-4e477e7cc0b2.jpg?v=1760864506&width=170)
だ・です/だった・でした – Saying ‘to be’ in Japanese [JLPT N5]
Quick Summary Meaning: The Japanese copula — the basic “to be.” It links a topic to a noun or a na-adjective to state...
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Common Japanese Onomatopoeia: Essential Words You’ll Hear Everywhere
If you spend any time in Japan, you’ll hear onomatopoeia everywhere: on TV, in everyday conversations, in manga, and ...
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How to Say “To Increase” and “To Decrease” in Japanese: With Examples
You've noticed there are multiple ways to say “to increase” or "to decrease" in Japanese. Between transitive and intr...
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How to Say "Police Officer" in Japanese: Common Terms and Slang
There are several ways to say "police officer" in Japanese, and each one has a different level of formality and usage...
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Understanding だ (da) and です (desu) in Japanese: Meaning and Usage
When learning Japanese, one of the first things you’ll come across is だ (da) and です (desu). These words don’t have a ...
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Difference Between 及ぶ (およぶ) and 達成する (たっせいする)
Both 及ぶ and 達成する can relate to "reaching" or "achieving" something, but they have distinct nuances and usage contexts...
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JLPT N5 Study Guide: A Beginner's Roadmap to Acing the Test
If you’ve just started learning Japanese and are aiming to ace the JLPT N5, yo...
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Beginner's Guide to Japanese Particles: Learn the Basics
TL;DR: Japanese particles are crucial for structuring sentences, acting like conjunctions or prepositions in English...
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JLPT N5 Vocabulary List - All 748 Words You Need to Know
Vocabulary is the foundation of any language, and Japanese is no exception. The more you know, the better. Over time ...
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JLPT N4 Kanij List - All 176 Characters You Need To Know
After mastering the JLPT N5 kanji, you're ready to take your Japanese kanji game to the next level. JLPT N4. Let's go...
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Kanji For Kanji - 漢字
Inception time. Which kanji compose the kanji of "kanji"? The kanji for "kanji" is actually pretty straightforward. I...







![~に来る – Expressing ‘Come to Do (Something)’ in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/ni-kuru-come-to-co.jpg?v=1769937520&width=170)
![~に行く – Expressing ‘Go Somewhere to Do Something’ in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/ni-iku-go-somewhere-to-do-something.jpg?v=1769937474&width=170)
![~にあります/~にいます – Saying Where Things and People Are in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/ni-arimasu-imasu-location-of-existence.jpg?v=1769251504&width=170)
![~がある・~がいる – Talking About What Exists in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/ga-aru-iru-there-is-are.jpg?v=1769251452&width=170)
![~すぎる – Saying Something Is “Too Much” in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/sugiru-too-much.jpg?v=1769251408&width=170)
![~く/~になる/~くする – Expressing Change with Adjectives in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/ku-naru-suru-expressing-change.jpg?v=1769251371&width=170)
![な形容詞 (Na-adjectives) – Basic Forms with です in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/na-keiyoushi-basic-desu-forms.jpg?v=1769251316&width=170)
![イ形容詞 – Basic i-Adjective Conjugations in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/i-adjectives.jpg?v=1769251251&width=170)
![~ます – Polite Present and Past Verb Forms in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/masu_-_polite_verb_form.jpg?v=1767433709&width=170)
![よ – Adding Friendly Emphasis in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/yo_-_ending_particle_Friendly_Emphasis.jpg?v=1767433517&width=170)
![ね – Softly Seeking Agreement in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/ending_particle.jpg?v=1766907843&width=170)
![何・だれ・いつ・どこ・どう – Basic Question Words in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/Question_Words.jpg?v=1766907708&width=170)
![ここ・そこ・あそこ・どこ – Talking About Places in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/places_fb57172a-7d06-47ee-a9b7-c1f4b6b2b264.jpg?v=1766305419&width=170)
![この・その・あの・どの – Using ‘This / That / Which’ with Nouns in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/acd351ada3fe4b04ae86de788a3350b8.jpg?v=1766305268&width=170)
![これ・それ・あれ・どれ – Saying ‘This / That / Which One’ in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/this-that.jpg?v=1766305107&width=170)
![か~か – Expressing Choices like “A or B” in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/choices.jpg?v=1766304827&width=170)
![~から~まで – Saying “From A to B” in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/from-AtoB.jpg?v=1765093560&width=170)
![まで – Expressing “Until” and “Up To” in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/until-up-to.jpg?v=1765093405&width=170)
![から – Expressing “Because” and “From/Since” in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/because-from_since.jpg?v=1765093285&width=170)
![や – Listing Examples with “And, Among Others” in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/and.jpg?v=1765093138&width=170)
![か – Forming Questions and Saying “Or” in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/ka-questions.jpg?v=1763787134&width=170)
![も – Saying “Also” and “Too” in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/mo-also-too_99f908e6-78d0-4f82-8319-391ef42764bc.jpg?v=1763787251&width=170)
![と – Linking 'And', 'With', and Quotations in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/to-and-with-quotation.jpg?v=1763265110&width=170)
![で – Marking Where and How an Action Happens in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/de-where-how-action-happens.jpg?v=1763264973&width=170)
![へ – Marking Direction ‘Toward’ in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/he-marking-direction.jpg?v=1762667986&width=170)
![に – Marking Time, Destinations, and Recipients in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/ni-marking-destination.jpg?v=1762667846&width=170)
![の – Possession and Noun Linking in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/no-possession-and-noun-linking.jpg?v=1761961297&width=170)
![を – Marking the Direct Object in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/o-direct-object.jpg?v=1761960990&width=170)
![が – Marking the Subject ('Who/What') in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/ga-subject-marker_60f30f70-6ca5-47ee-9a00-3646195d7d3c.jpg?v=1761386355&width=170)
![は (wa) – Topic Marker and Contrast in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/wa-topic-marker.jpg?v=1761385996&width=170)
![じゃない・ではありません – Expressing 'Is/Was Not' in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/janai-dehaarimasen_2594963b-531e-4f4d-a9b0-361010e0a720.jpg?v=1760865884&width=170)
![だ・です/だった・でした – Saying ‘to be’ in Japanese [JLPT N5]](http://hirakan.com/cdn/shop/articles/da-desu-datta-deshita_58bbc732-53fd-48da-83c7-4e477e7cc0b2.jpg?v=1760864506&width=170)









